"Extra omnes!"
Sistine Chapel
The Sistine Chapel will host, for the twenty-fifth time, one of the most secret and mysterious rites in the world: the Conclave.
Indeed, twenty-four conclaves have been held in what remains forever, in spite of the enormous daily influx of visitors and pilgrims, a papal chapel and a place fundamental to the identity of the Roman Catholic Church.
From 08.00 p.m. on 28 February 2013, the beginning of the Apostolica Sede Vacans, a team of 40 people is ready to enter the Sistine Chapel and create inside a "photocopy" of the previous Conclaves, in which everything must remain unchanged as it has been for centuries: this thousand-year-old tradition will be replicated down to the last detail, with the aid of a wealth of historical photographic documents.
The team is co-ordinated by the engineer Paolo Sagretti, head of the "Floreria" of Vatican City State, a role which involves the co-ordination of logistical preparations for audiences, papal ceremonies and the organization of Conclaves.
The Sistine Chapel - which only became the official seat of the Conclave in 1996, following John Paul II's Apostolic Constitution "Universi Dominici Gregis" - will be furnished with 115 cherry wood seats, marked with the name and surname of each Cardinal Elector, and twelve raw wood tables covered with beige cloth and burgundy satin. Six tables are placed on the right and six on the left, arranged in two rows at different levels. Before the altar, below the Universal Judgement, a raw wood table will be placed for the urn where the votes will be collected, and a lectern holding the Gospel, upon which the Cardinals will pledge their oath.
The Cardinals will walk not on the floor, but rather on a flat wooden structure covered in beige cloth, 50 to 60 centimetres above the ground and at the level of the second step before the altar. The velvet bag in which the votes are collected and the placeholders bearing the names of the Cardinals will also be ready soon; the latter will include a pen, a red folder and a ballot paper.
Following the tradition established in 1939 during the Conclave in which Pope Pius XII was elected, the famous stove will be situated behind the marble barrier. It is made up of two similar connected structures and will be used to burn the ballot papers, emitting smoke from its vent. Indeed, the outcome of the ballots will be made visible by the colour of the smoke issuing from the chimney installed on the roof of the Sistine Chapel: black smoke when no majority has been reached, and white smoke to indicate the election of the new Supreme Pontiff.
The stove, made of cast iron and cylindrical in shape with a narrower upper portion, is approximately 1 metre in height and has an average diameter of 0.45 metres. It has a door in its lower section enabling ignition, a valve for manual regulation of the draught and an upper door through which the documents to be burnt are introduced. The dates of election to the papacy and the names of the last six Pontiffs are stamped on the upper cap of the stove. The black smoke will be obtained by burning the ballot papers; the white smoke by burning the ballot papers along with damp straw.
In the 2005 conclave, an auxiliary smoke-emitting device was used to improve the visibility of the smoke. In order to improve the draught, the vent is preheated by means of electric resistance and its equipped with a ventilator for use if necessary.
The rites of the Conclave for the election of Benedict XVI's successor will be opened in St Peter's Basilica with the solemn mass "Pro eligendo Pontifice", at the end of which all the Cardinal Electors will gather in the Sistine Chapel for the Conclave itself.
The Master of the Papal Liturgical Celebrations, Msgr Guido Marini, will then announce "extra omnes", "outside, all". The rules for the ballot and the general procedures of the Conclave are all contained in the Apostolic Constitution "Universi Dominici Gregis", published in 1996 by John Paul II and updated by Benedict XVI by the Motu Proprio of 11 June 2007 and 22 February 2013.
To elect the Pope, a qualified majority of two thirds of the Cardinal Electors is required. A simple majority of half plus one of the electors will therefore no longer be valid. After the 33rd or 34th vote it is obligatory to pass directly to a runoff ballot between the two cardinals who received the greatest number of votes in the previous scrutiny. However, even in this case a two-thirds majority is necessary. Furthermore, the Cardinals who remain as candidates are not able to actively participate in the vote. If two thirds of the electors vote for one of the candidates, the election of the Pontiff is canonically valid.
At this point, the last in the order of Cardinal deacons calls the Master of Liturgical Celebrations and the Secretary of the College of Cardinals. The dean or vice-dean, or the first Cardinal of the Cardinal Bishops addresses the elected candidate and asks: "Acceptasne electionem de te canonice factam in Summum Pontificem?" (Do you accept your canonical election as Supreme Pontiff?) and, upon receiving an affirmative answer, adds: "Quo nomine vis vocari?" (By what name do you wish to be called?), to which the Pope-elect responds giving his chosen papal name.
After the new Pope's acceptance, the ballot slips are burned so that the classic white smoke may be seen from St Peter's Square. At the end of the Conclave the new Pontiff retires to the "Room of Tears", the sacresty of the Sistine Chapel, where he dresses for the first time in the papal vestments in which he will present himself to the public on the central balcony of St Peter's Basilica, the Loggia of the Blessings. The Room of Tears owes its name to the fact that - one assumes - the Pontiff weeps at the emotion and the burden of responsibility he will bear in the role he is called upon to assume. Traditionally, in the sacresty, papal vestments are provided in three different sizes, of which one should roughly correspond to the size of the newly elected Pope. After the prayer for the new Pope and the homage of the Cardinals, the "Te Deum" marking the end of the Conclave is sounded. The election of the new Pope is proclaimed by the Cardinal Protodeacon, who appears on the central loggia of St Peter's Basilica and announces, "Habemus Papam". The new Pontiff, preceded by the processional cross, imparts the "Urbi et Orbi" Apostolic blessing.
